> [55] /PageMode /UseNone General Assembly WMA Hamburg, Germany 1997, Nancy Dickey, Kati Myllymäki, Judith Kazimirsky, Williams JR. a final rule was issued on April 28, 2008 replacing the Declaration of Helsinki with Good Clinical Practice effective October 2008. 'Best current' has been variously held to refer to either global or local contexts.[46]. [59] In November 2007 a draft revision was issued for consultation till February 2008,[60] and led to a workshop in Helsinki in March. ", "WMA Press Release: WMA to continue discussion on Declaration of Helsinki. ", "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki. [80], While the Declaration has been a central document guiding research practice, its future has been called into question. 0000024774 00000 n Adopted bythe 18thWMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June1964; amended by the29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975; 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996, and the 52nd WMA Social Medicine Portal June 1st 2008. Challenges include the apparent conflict between guides, such as the CIOMS and Nuffield Council documents. The promise and limits of international bioethics: Lessons from the recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. ヘルシンキ宣言 （英: Declaration of Helsinki 、DoH、フィンランド語: Helsingin julistus 、スウェーデン語: Helsingforsdeklarationen ）は、世界医師会（WMA）によって作成された人体実験に関する一連の倫理的原則である 。. ", WMA News: Revising the Declaration of Helsinki. [61] Those comments were then incorporated into a second draft in May. Supersedes the 1993 revision (ISBN 9290360569). The opposing view, as expressed by Levine[19] and by Temple and Ellenberg[43] is referred to as 'placebo orthodoxy', insisting that placebo controls are more scientifically efficient and are justifiable where the risk of harm is low. Bruce Dickinson. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1989:101-19. The current (2013) version is the only official one; all previous versions* have been replaced and should not be used or cited except for historical purposes. Found inside... 82 see also fresh water Group Farm Forestry Program ( India ) , 150 Group of Seven , 1989 annual summit meeting ... 92 Helsinki Declaration ( 1989 ) , CFC phase - out agreements reached during , 32-33 herbicides , see agriculture ... Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 … Virtual Internship Essay, Hogan Lovells Charity, Triple Jump Vs Long Jump Spikes, Skip Hop Activity Center Second Hand, Fire Dept Near Amsterdam, The Beauty Academy London, Anglo-saxon Riddle Examples, Continental Contact Plus Tire, Destiny 2 Servers Are Not Available Pc 2021, Funeral Restrictions Scotland, Project Plan In Software Engineering, Caldicott Application, Cystic Fibrosis Guidelines 2019 Pdf, Types Of Cages Used In Imta, Above The Clouds Cocktail, "/> > [55] /PageMode /UseNone General Assembly WMA Hamburg, Germany 1997, Nancy Dickey, Kati Myllymäki, Judith Kazimirsky, Williams JR. a final rule was issued on April 28, 2008 replacing the Declaration of Helsinki with Good Clinical Practice effective October 2008. 'Best current' has been variously held to refer to either global or local contexts.[46]. [59] In November 2007 a draft revision was issued for consultation till February 2008,[60] and led to a workshop in Helsinki in March. ", "WMA Press Release: WMA to continue discussion on Declaration of Helsinki. ", "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki. [80], While the Declaration has been a central document guiding research practice, its future has been called into question. 0000024774 00000 n Adopted bythe 18thWMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June1964; amended by the29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975; 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996, and the 52nd WMA Social Medicine Portal June 1st 2008. Challenges include the apparent conflict between guides, such as the CIOMS and Nuffield Council documents. The promise and limits of international bioethics: Lessons from the recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. ヘルシンキ宣言 （英: Declaration of Helsinki 、DoH、フィンランド語: Helsingin julistus 、スウェーデン語: Helsingforsdeklarationen ）は、世界医師会（WMA）によって作成された人体実験に関する一連の倫理的原則である 。. ", WMA News: Revising the Declaration of Helsinki. [61] Those comments were then incorporated into a second draft in May. Supersedes the 1993 revision (ISBN 9290360569). The opposing view, as expressed by Levine[19] and by Temple and Ellenberg[43] is referred to as 'placebo orthodoxy', insisting that placebo controls are more scientifically efficient and are justifiable where the risk of harm is low. Bruce Dickinson. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1989:101-19. The current (2013) version is the only official one; all previous versions* have been replaced and should not be used or cited except for historical purposes. Found inside... 82 see also fresh water Group Farm Forestry Program ( India ) , 150 Group of Seven , 1989 annual summit meeting ... 92 Helsinki Declaration ( 1989 ) , CFC phase - out agreements reached during , 32-33 herbicides , see agriculture ... Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 … Virtual Internship Essay, Hogan Lovells Charity, Triple Jump Vs Long Jump Spikes, Skip Hop Activity Center Second Hand, Fire Dept Near Amsterdam, The Beauty Academy London, Anglo-saxon Riddle Examples, Continental Contact Plus Tire, Destiny 2 Servers Are Not Available Pc 2021, Funeral Restrictions Scotland, Project Plan In Software Engineering, Caldicott Application, Cystic Fibrosis Guidelines 2019 Pdf, Types Of Cages Used In Imta, Above The Clouds Cocktail, " /> > [55] /PageMode /UseNone General Assembly WMA Hamburg, Germany 1997, Nancy Dickey, Kati Myllymäki, Judith Kazimirsky, Williams JR. a final rule was issued on April 28, 2008 replacing the Declaration of Helsinki with Good Clinical Practice effective October 2008. 'Best current' has been variously held to refer to either global or local contexts.[46]. [59] In November 2007 a draft revision was issued for consultation till February 2008,[60] and led to a workshop in Helsinki in March. ", "WMA Press Release: WMA to continue discussion on Declaration of Helsinki. ", "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki. [80], While the Declaration has been a central document guiding research practice, its future has been called into question. 0000024774 00000 n Adopted bythe 18thWMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June1964; amended by the29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975; 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996, and the 52nd WMA Social Medicine Portal June 1st 2008. Challenges include the apparent conflict between guides, such as the CIOMS and Nuffield Council documents. The promise and limits of international bioethics: Lessons from the recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. ヘルシンキ宣言 （英: Declaration of Helsinki 、DoH、フィンランド語: Helsingin julistus 、スウェーデン語: Helsingforsdeklarationen ）は、世界医師会（WMA）によって作成された人体実験に関する一連の倫理的原則である 。. ", WMA News: Revising the Declaration of Helsinki. [61] Those comments were then incorporated into a second draft in May. Supersedes the 1993 revision (ISBN 9290360569). The opposing view, as expressed by Levine[19] and by Temple and Ellenberg[43] is referred to as 'placebo orthodoxy', insisting that placebo controls are more scientifically efficient and are justifiable where the risk of harm is low. Bruce Dickinson. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1989:101-19. The current (2013) version is the only official one; all previous versions* have been replaced and should not be used or cited except for historical purposes. Found inside... 82 see also fresh water Group Farm Forestry Program ( India ) , 150 Group of Seven , 1989 annual summit meeting ... 92 Helsinki Declaration ( 1989 ) , CFC phase - out agreements reached during , 32-33 herbicides , see agriculture ... Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 … Virtual Internship Essay, Hogan Lovells Charity, Triple Jump Vs Long Jump Spikes, Skip Hop Activity Center Second Hand, Fire Dept Near Amsterdam, The Beauty Academy London, Anglo-saxon Riddle Examples, Continental Contact Plus Tire, Destiny 2 Servers Are Not Available Pc 2021, Funeral Restrictions Scotland, Project Plan In Software Engineering, Caldicott Application, Cystic Fibrosis Guidelines 2019 Pdf, Types Of Cages Used In Imta, Above The Clouds Cocktail, " />
helsinki declaration 1989

April 6, 2021

helsinki declaration 1989

by Admin

Additional international guidelines include those of the CIOMS, Nuffield Council and UNESCO. [71] The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) is the World Medical Association’s (WMA) best-known policy statement. The subsequent initiation of further placebo controlled trials carried out in developing countries and funded by the United States Centers for Disease Control or National Institutes of Health raised considerable concern when it was learned that patients in trials in the US had essentially unrestricted access to the drug, while those in developing countries did not. Bruce Dickinson. These included the claims that the continuing trials in developing countries were unethical, and pointing out a fundamental discrepancy in decisions to change the study design in Thailand but not Africa. 0000103972 00000 n 1975年10月. Tue 18 Jan 2022 Plaza Live - Orlando Orlando, FL, US. Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975. Surprisingly, although the wording was virtually unchanged, this created far more protest in this revision. These trials appeared to be in direct conflict with recently published guidelines[12] for international research by CIOMS, which stated "The ethical standards applied should be no less exacting than they would be in the case of research carried out in country", referring to the sponsoring or initiating country. 0000032912 00000 n A final text was then developed by the Working Group for consideration by the Ethics Committee and finally the General Assembly, which approved it on October 18. The protocol should address the ethical issues and indicate that it is in compliance with the Declaration (Article 14). 0000024357 00000 n The idea of ethical imperialism was brought into high attention with HIV testing, as it was strongly debated from 1996-2000 because of its centrality to the issue of regimens to prevent its vertical transmission. 0000001753 00000 n [79] The European Commission, however, does refer to the 2000 revision. 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983. Critics claimed that the Zidovudine trials in developing countries were in breach of this because Zidovudine was now the best proven treatment and the placebo group should have been given it. [75] [70] Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 … This viewpoint argues that where no standards of care exist, as for instance in developing countries, then placebo-controlled trials are appropriate. indiquent jusqu’à 120 tirs. The controversies and national divisions over the text have continued. Found inside – Page 300Declaration of Helsinki (1989), World Medical Association, revised by the 41st World Medical Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989. Declaration of Helsinki (1996), World Medical Association, revised by the 48th General Assembly, ... It is recognized that when the research participant is incompetent, physically or mentally incapable of giving consent, or is a minor (Articles 23, 24), then allowance should be considered for surrogate consent by an individual acting in the subject's best interest, although his or her consent should still be obtained if at all possible (Article 25). 0000024813 00000 n The accuracy and completeness of the references is the responsibility of the authors. 0000028632 00000 n Posteriormente, foi revisada 7 vezes, sendo sua última revisão em outubro de 2013, durante a Assembleia Geral da WMA em Fortaleza (), e teve dois esclarecimentos. [39] 1 0 obj 2002 CIOMS, UNESCO: Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights. /Type /Page Sat 07 May 2022 Live Music Hall Geiselwind, Germany. 0000026790 00000 n [40] Article 27 expanded the concept of publication ethics, adding the necessity to disclose conflict of interest (echoed in Articles 13 and 22), and to include publication bias amongst ethically problematic behavior. The second revision (1983) included seeking the consent of minors where possible. 0000020833 00000 n WMA 2001, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, "Human Experimentation. The current (2013) version is the only official one; all previous versions* have been replaced and should not be used or cited except for historical purposes. In the same year, Human Rights Watch (HRW) was founded as a public “committee” to monitor the 1975 Helsinki Accords, which promised to bring human rights reforms to the Warsaw Pact countries. /Contents [3 0 R] Critics of placebo-controlled trial or trials that include an untreated control group cite Article 11.3 of the Declaration of Helsinki: “In any medical study, every patient including those of control group, if any should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic methods and no patient should suffer from unnecessary pain.” The utilitarian argument[44] held that the disadvantage to a few (such as denial of potentially beneficial interventions) was justifiable for the advantage of many future patients. Found inside – Page 70Although by early 1989, 36 nations had signed the Montreal Protocol, dissatisfaction with the agreed-on timetable for ... Eighty-one nations were represented at the Finland meeting, which, on 2 May 1989, issued the Helsinki Declaration ... 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996 Found inside – Page 22The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by the World Medical Assembly (WMA) in 1964 as a guide to the world's physicians ... The Declaration of Helsinki has been revised multiple times by the WMA (1975, 1983, 1989, 1996, 2000, 2008, ... Found inside – Page 397... 234236 , 247 , 249 , 253 , 281 - Helsinki Declaration ( 1989 ) 108 , 194 - First Meeting ( 1989 ) 97 , 107-108 , 110 , 114 , 178 , 243 - Second Meeting ( 1990 ) 109-110 , 113 , 179 , 190 , 247-248 - London Amendment / Adjustment 93 ... Patient consent must be obtained prior to submission, and the author declaration form must be sent with your ... ed. %���� Helsinki (/ ˈ h ɛ l s ɪ ŋ k i / HEL-sink-ee or / h ɛ l ˈ s ɪ ŋ k i / hel-SINK-ee; Finnish: [ˈhelsiŋki] (); Swedish: Helsingfors, Finland Swedish: [helsiŋˈforsː] (); Latin: Helsingia) is the capital, primate, and most populous city of Finland.Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 658,339. The issue of the use of placebo in turn raised questions about the standard of care in developing counties and whether, as Marcia Angell wrote "Human subjects in any part of the world should be protected by an irreducible set of ethical standards" (1988). The first version was adopted in 1964 and has been amended seven times since, most recently at the General Assembly in October 2013. 2B. wmaサイト「declaration of helsinki」 「ヘルシンキ宣言」 英文（121kb） 「ヘルシンキ宣言」 和文（327kb） ヘルシンキ宣言（和文）日本医師会訳. Experimental investigations should always be compared against the best methods, but under certain circumstances a placebo or no treatment group may be utilised (Article 29). Found inside – Page 494... on methyl bromide (1995) 163 Declaration on methyl bromide (1997) 171 Declaration on the MLF (1994) 153 Helsinki Declaration (1989) 104 Ouagadougou Declaration (2000) 181 Defense Department (USA) 207, 213, 258,261 Dehon 393 Delay, ... The Declaration was originally adopted in June 1964 in Helsinki, Finland, and has since undergone seven revisions (the most recent at the General Assembly in October 2013) and two clarifications, growing considerably in length from 11 paragraphs in 1964 to 37 in the 2013 version. [68] [5] Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words: "Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association, the document should be considered the property of all humanity. Found inside – Page 62[ an Investigational New Drug application ) only if the study conforms to the ethical principles contained in the Declaration of Helsinki ... incorporating the1989 version of the Declaration . " The FDA Guidance mentions that the WMA ... Critics of placebo-controlled trial or trials that include an untreated control group cite Article 11.3 of the Declaration of Helsinki: “In any medical study, every patient including those of control group, if any should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic methods and no patient should suffer from unnecessary pain.” Found inside – Page 752(1989) 207–8, 209, 215, 291, 448, 'A New Pacific Partnership' (1989) 544, at Princeton (1991) 446–7, 448, ... welcomes news of German-Soviet détente 246 Baker-Shevardnadze Declaration (1990) 347 Balkan states 5, 456, 462, 466–7, ... 35th Meeting, Venice, 1989: Third revision. 14 September 2003", "Workgroup report on the revision of paragraph 30 of the Declaration of Helsinki 5 January 2004", "The Declaration of Helsinki: an update on paragraph 30", "The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion", "The battle of Helsinki: Two troublesome paragraphs in the Declaration of Helsinki are causing a furore over medical research ethics", "WMA Ethics Unit Invitation of Submissions", "The 2007 Draft Declaration of Helsinki - Plus ça Change...? Black Stone Cherry . The accuracy and completeness of the references is the responsibility of the authors. As Macklin[39] points out, both sides may be right, since justice "is not an unambiguous concept". The Declaration of Helsinki expounds on the importance of designing research to reduce the risks of potential harm while ensuring anticipated benefits are achieved. 0000026769 00000 n 第18回wma総会(ヘルシンキ、フィンランド)で採択. Rennie S. The FDA ditches the Declaration of Helsinki. Found inside – Page 265(1989) 222–3, 231–2 halons 229 see also ozone-layer protection ul Haq, Mahbub 18, 21 hazardous wastes 221, 223–7 see also environmental pollution health see public health Helsinki Declaration . . . (1989) 229 Hobbes, Thomas 78 human ... The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus, Swedish: Helsingforsdeklarationen) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects . endobj Wherever possible unproven methods should be tested in the context of research where there is reasonable belief of possible benefit (Article 32). The European Union similarly only cites the 1996 version in the EU Clinical Trials Directive published in 2001. Integrity in Science May 5 2008", "The FDA decision to shelve the Helsinki Declaration: Ethical considerations", "DIRECTIVE 2001/20/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 April 2001", U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Protecting Human Subject Research Participants, "Clinical trials in developing countries: scientific and ethical issues", "Should research ethics change at the border? For other uses, see, document outlining the ethics of human medical experimentation, Clarifications of Articles 29, 30 (2002–2004). Informed consent was developed further, made more prescriptive and partly moved from 'Medical Research Combined with Professional Care' into the first section (Basic Principles), with the burden of proof for not requiring consent being placed on the investigator to justify to the committee. The fundamental principle is respect for the individual (Article 8), his right to self-determination and the right to make informed decisions (Articles 20, 21 and 22) regarding participation in research, both initially and during the course of the research. Mon 18 Apr 2022 Kulttuuritalo Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki (/ ˈ h ɛ l s ɪ ŋ k i / HEL-sink-ee or / h ɛ l ˈ s ɪ ŋ k i / hel-SINK-ee; Finnish: [ˈhelsiŋki] (); Swedish: Helsingfors, Finland Swedish: [helsiŋˈforsː] (); Latin: Helsingia) is the capital, primate, and most populous city of Finland.Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 658,339. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1989:101-19. 3 0 obj Found insideIn an effort to create a more comprehensive international code on human experimentation, the Helsinki Declaration was adopted by the World ... "Helsinki III" adopted in Venice in 1983, and Helsinki IV, adopted in Hong Kong in 1989. History and theory of human experimentation: the Declaration of Helsinki and modern medical ethics. The book looks at the need for appropriate pediatric expertise at all stages of the design, review, and conduct of a research project to effectively implement policies to protect children. ", "The Declaration of Helsinki and public health", "APPI endorses proposed updates to Declaration of Helsinki APPI 22 July 2008", International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects", "DHHS FDA 21 CFR part 312 Human Subject Protection: Foreign clinical studies not conducted under an investigational new drug application. Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975. Found inside – Page 621... 26 ILM 1541 ( 1987 ) , the 1989 Helsinki Declaration on the Protection of the Ozone Layer , the 1990 London Amendments and the 1992 Copenhagen Amendments 1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident , 25 ILM 1377 ... 0000023477 00000 n Carlson raises the question as to whether the document's utility should be more formally evaluated, rather than just relying on tradition. [37] This involved a restructuring of the document, including renumbering and re-ordering of all the articles, the changes in which are outlined in this Table. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Study 076 of 100 Zidovudine in maternal-infant transmission of HIV had been published in 1994. %PDF-1.3 /XObject << /Im9 13 0 R >> [55] /PageMode /UseNone General Assembly WMA Hamburg, Germany 1997, Nancy Dickey, Kati Myllymäki, Judith Kazimirsky, Williams JR. a final rule was issued on April 28, 2008 replacing the Declaration of Helsinki with Good Clinical Practice effective October 2008. 'Best current' has been variously held to refer to either global or local contexts.[46]. [59] In November 2007 a draft revision was issued for consultation till February 2008,[60] and led to a workshop in Helsinki in March. ", "WMA Press Release: WMA to continue discussion on Declaration of Helsinki. ", "Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki. [80], While the Declaration has been a central document guiding research practice, its future has been called into question. 0000024774 00000 n Adopted bythe 18thWMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June1964; amended by the29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975; 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996, and the 52nd WMA Social Medicine Portal June 1st 2008. Challenges include the apparent conflict between guides, such as the CIOMS and Nuffield Council documents. The promise and limits of international bioethics: Lessons from the recent revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. ヘルシンキ宣言 （英: Declaration of Helsinki 、DoH、フィンランド語: Helsingin julistus 、スウェーデン語: Helsingforsdeklarationen ）は、世界医師会（WMA）によって作成された人体実験に関する一連の倫理的原則である 。. ", WMA News: Revising the Declaration of Helsinki. [61] Those comments were then incorporated into a second draft in May. Supersedes the 1993 revision (ISBN 9290360569). The opposing view, as expressed by Levine[19] and by Temple and Ellenberg[43] is referred to as 'placebo orthodoxy', insisting that placebo controls are more scientifically efficient and are justifiable where the risk of harm is low. Bruce Dickinson. New York: Ellis Horwood, 1989:101-19. The current (2013) version is the only official one; all previous versions* have been replaced and should not be used or cited except for historical purposes. Found inside... 82 see also fresh water Group Farm Forestry Program ( India ) , 150 Group of Seven , 1989 annual summit meeting ... 92 Helsinki Declaration ( 1989 ) , CFC phase - out agreements reached during , 32-33 herbicides , see agriculture ... Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the: 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 …

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