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The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis, in 1972, in a 10-metre (30 ft) steel sloop Ice Bird. The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long-time named seas around Antarctica, excluded from the 1953 edition (the 1953 map did not even extend that far south), are 'automatically' part of the Southern Ocean. [82], The flightless penguins are all located in the Southern Hemisphere, with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf. Few ports or harbors exist on the southern (Antarctic) coast of the Southern Ocean, since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer; even then some require icebreaker escort for access. Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition. [51] Ronne covered 3,600 miles (5,790 km) by ski and dog sled – more than any other explorer in history. Sea ice has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre. The Southern Ocean's greatest depth of 7,236 m (23,740 ft) occurs at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, at 60°00'S, 024°W. Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, remain closed to commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers. Favorite Answer. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic. [85], Cod icefish (Nototheniidae), as well as several other families, are part of the Notothenioidei suborder, collectively sometimes referred to as icefish. If house cats and cougars belong to the same category Family Felidae then they must belong to the same. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook. [87], Another abundant fish group is the genus Notothenia, which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies. The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961. Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean. Explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island (both of which were named for him) in 1841. [52] The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women.[53]. [37], The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple, the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769. Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which was ultimately named after him. The season was unusually mild and tranquil, and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45″ W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time. Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. Samuel Dunn's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqueous Globe shows a Southern Ocean (but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic) and a Southern Icy Ocean. Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did. [94] Out of all permanent mammalian residents, the Weddell seals live the furthest south. By Southern Ocean I mean the one by Antarctica not southern parts of other oceans. Among other provisions, this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. Glyptonotus antarcticus is an unusually large benthic isopod, reaching 20 centimetres (8 in) in length weighing 70 grams (2.47 oz). International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 1998–99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery. Although these species hunt underwater, they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there, as they have no terrestrial predators. At some coastal points, however, persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter. [36], Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis – a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa – which had existed since the times of Ptolemy. There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas. [76], A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, led by Ernest Shackleton, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, Endurance, was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed. Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999, fisheries landed 119,898 tonnes, of which 85% consisted of krill and 14% of Patagonian toothfish. Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 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