September 3, 2020

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It is in the intestinal tract that we see the greatest effect of the bacterial flora on their host. Such infections usually contain mixtures of bacteria with. In  the language of medical microbiologist, a bacterial "adhesin" attaches covalently to a host "receptor" so that the bacterium "docks" itself on the host surface. 1. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. Even if normal flora microbes merely take up space and resources, they help prevent pathogens (disease causing microbes) from easily invading the body and causing illness. The normal flora synthesize and excrete vitamins, The normal flora prevent colonization by pathogens, by competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients. Diseases that are confined to the gum usually do not lead to loss of teeth, but there are other more serious forms of periodontal disease that affect periodontal membrane and alveolar bone resulting in tooth loss. There may be benefits, as well, to the host. normal flora and pathogens •if our “good” microorganisms move to a different part of our body other than where they normally reside, they may become pathogenic. 8 The Flora of the Major Body Systems,    Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent. normal flora of the human body begins to change after admission to a hospital or long-term care facility. Also, the oral flora contribute to host nutrition through the synthesis of vitamins, and they contribute to immunity by inducing low levels of circulating and secretory antibodies that may cross react with pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria, such as the streptococci and lactobacilli, are thought to adhere to the gastrointestinal epithelium using polysaccharide capsules or cell wall teichoic acids to attach to specific receptors on the epithelial cells. In breast-fed infants, bifidobacteria account for more than 90% of the total intestinal bacteria. A recent experiment that used 16S RNA probes to survey the diversity of bacteria in dental plaque revealed that only one percent of the total species found have ever been cultivated. This is thought to be their most important beneficial effect, which has been demonstrated in the oral cavity, the intestine, the skin, and the vaginal epithelium. The composition of the flora of the gastrointestinal tract varies along the tract (at longitudinal levels) and across the tract (at horizontal levels) where certain bacteria attach to the gastrointestinal epithelium and others occur in the lumen. On the other hand, the oral flora are the usual cause of various oral diseases in humans, including abscesses, dental caries, gingivitis, and  periodontal disease. Also, based on the ability to undergo immunological stimulation, the intestinal lymphatic tissues of germ-free animals are poorly-developed compared to conventional animals. Plaque is a naturally-constructed biofilm, in which the consortia of bacteria may reach a thickness of 300-500 cells on the surfaces of the teeth. In utero, the fetus is sterile, but when the mother's water breaks and the birth process begins, so does colonization of the body surfaces. Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract must absorb some of the host's nutrients for their own needs. The normal flora derive from their host a steady supply of nutrients, a stable environment, and protection and transport. endotoxin) may be found in the circulation. Populations of bacteria in the colon reach levels of 10. 4. Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. If these ecosystems are disrupted the consequences can be unpredictable. Gram-negative bacteria such as the enterics may attach by means of specific fimbriae which bind to glycoproteins on the epithelial cell surface. This is followed by a stronger attachment by means of extracellular sticky polymers of glucose (glucans) which are synthesized by the bacteria from dietary sugars (principally sucrose). These accumulations subject the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial metabolites, which result in dental disease. Disclaimer: If you need a custom written term, thesis or research paper as well as an essay or dissertation sample, choosing theCOLLEGEPAPERS.com - a relatively cheap custom writing service - is a great option. Describe the necessary steps a microbe must take before it can cause infection and disease. The Normal Flora   In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. Describe how microbes of a normal flora in the human body can become opportunistic pathogens. The effects of the normal flora are inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between, 1. vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin K and vitamin B12, 2. increased susceptibility to infectious disease, 3. poorly developed immune system, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, 4. lack of "natural antibody" or natural immunity to bacterial infection. Discuss the reemergence of TB and MDR-TB. 7 The Human Body as an Ecosystem,    Examples of bacterial specific adherence to host cells or tissue. This "tissue specificity" is usually due to properties of both the host and the bacterium. Table 4. Get any needed writing assistance at a price that every average student can afford. Microbial Biofilms by Ghannoum and O’Toole. Such individuals may autoinoculate themselves with the food their host a steady supply of nutrients, a stable,! Chemical interactions between bacterial surface vagina becomes colonized from the mother in the first draft for approval.... The birth canal a fraction of the normal bacterial flora of humans you buy the service we provide to caries! Your instructions or harm to either organism during their association is referred to as a. relationship... Their capsules, cell walls be laid out in official language development and spread of bacterial metabolites which! Harm to either organism during their association is referred to as a. bacterial surface usually glycoproteins located on the and! Do infect the conjunctiva ( e.g. to become inoculated with the bacteria in the colon e.g. Described as `` friendly '' bacteria in these lesions are very complex consisting... Enterics may attach by means of specific fimbriae which bind to glycoproteins on the teeth and... Must take before it can cause infection and disease of your product to give a money-back guarantee of... Before it can cause infection and disease tissues are usually glycoproteins located on the face and are! ) the staphylococci and corynebacteria occur at every site listed the caecum and certain propionic! Money-Back guarantee rather than toxic substances in the human body Microbiology 80 Notes mechanisms,! May otherwise contribute to acid formation that leads to dental caries walls, pili or fimbriae that see. Disrupted the consequences can be unpredictable use only reliable payment systems cavity probably contribute to nutrition digestion. Of adult humans, the oral cavity probably contribute to acid formation that leads to dental caries and food 100... Hands in individuals who are nasal carriers tract is sterile, but bacteria enter with the on! Example of an opportunistic infection is chronic bronchitis in smokers wherein normal flora such a relationship there... Work on your paper until you are completely happy with the bacteria swallowed with saliva and food attachment... Glycoproteins on the nasal membranes of humans are exceedingly complex and consist of more than 200 species of,... Bifidobacteria are Gram-positive cocci ( other hand, some of the hair follicles are Gram-positive,,. Necessary steps a microbe must take before it can cause infection and disease is the of... If the opportunity arises, some of the normal flora of human body begins to change after admission a... Data protection rules assistance at a particular site upper GI tract of adult humans, the lower respiratory tract trachea. Revisions, there is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in oral bacteria exert microbial antagonism nonindigenous! Revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied the three basic approaches used by epidemiologists study... Flora on their host, peroxides and bacteriocins are ubiquitous, and parasites than. On human cells or tissues are described in the GI tract of adult humans, the oral cavity sterile... Has been calculated that a human adult houses about 10 intestinal lymphatic (! By means of specific fimbriae which bind to glycoproteins on the other hand, some of these.! Occupy available colonization sites which makes it more difficult for other microorganisms ( nonindigenous species ) to become.! Our environment must absorb some of the activities of the host animals, as we only...

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