September 3, 2020

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The Lighthouse of Alexandria had stood for 17 centuries. She failed, however, and came to realize that Octavian planned to exhibit her in his military triumph at Rome. Manetho chronicled the pharaohs and organized our history into the dynasties we use to this day It is said that Archimedes Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important centre of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (later absorbed into Cairo). The Royal Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt was once the largest library in the world. Theodosius I (347-395 CE) outlawed paganism and endorsed Christianity. "Ultimately, the monument gave rise to numerous allegorical interpretations where it stood as the axis of the planet, the central point around which the whole universe was ordered. With the Ottoman defeat of the Mamlūks in 1517, Egypt’s status shifted to that of a province within a wider empire, charge of which fell to the Ottomans. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city. A broad spiral staircase led visitors inside the lighthouse, to its topmost stage where a fire was kept burning at night. Greek, Egyptian and Jewish citizens each resided in different quarters within the city. Alexander's tomb became a famous tourist destination for ancient travelers (including Julius Caesar). The various tariffs imposed upon this trade generated immense sums that were essential to the fiscal health of the Mamluk state. The five hundred thousand or so volumes were not codices but scrolls, made of papyrus and written by hand. These clashes culminated in the Egyptian coup of 1952, during which the army occupied Alexandria and drove King Farouk from his residence at Montaza Palace.[26]. In any case, circa 51 BC, the Ptolemies (Cleopatra’s dynasty) still had control of Egypt, which paved the way for their bitter embroilment in two successive Roman civil wars. The most valued items in this trade were luxury goods from the East reexported from Egypt, such as Indian spices, Chinese porcelains, and Persian Gulf pearls. Though Alexandria surrendered to Muslim Arab expansion without resistance, the conquest was followed by a substantial exodus of the leading elements of the Greek population. Her son Caesarion was killed by Octavian the same year. Zenodotus and the grammarians established the basics of literary scholarship with their meticulous definition of the Homerian text for the Iliad and the Odyssey. With the breakup of the empire upon Alexander’s death in 323 bce, control of the city passed to his viceroy, Ptolemy I Soter, who founded the dynasty that took his name. Today, the remnants of the Pharos Lighthouse lie submerged, near Fort Qait Bey. Many other ethnic and religious groups were represented in the city, and Alexandria was the scene of much interethnic strife during this period. The reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare (including the expulsion of intellectuals such as Apollodorus of Athens), as well as intrigues associated with the king's wives and sons. Alexandria’s harbours were first consolidated then expanded. It was one of the most ambitious projects not only of the ancient world, but even by today’s standards. The small Island of Pharos was connected to Alexandria via a causeway and the famous Lighthouse of Alexandria was built on one side of Pharos Island to guide ships safely into harbour.eval(ez_write_tag([[580,400],'givemehistory_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',105,'0','0'])); Libraries and archives were a feature of ancient Egypt. generations, not just of Egypt. Any books discovered onboard were removed to the Library where a decision was made whether to return it or replace it with a copy. Though Cleomenoes was mainly in charge of seeing to Alexandria's continuous development, the Heptastadion (causeway to Pharos Island) and the main-land quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. After the destruction the Sultan of Egypt, Qaitbay, built a medieval fort on the former location of the lighthouse using some of the fallen stone. The loss of the library is widely considered a great loss to humanity. growing brittle with age. During Augustus’ reign disputes emerged between pagans and Jews. The early Ptolemies successfully blended the religions of ancient Greece and Egypt in the cult of Serapis (Sarapis) and presided over Alexandria’s golden age. In 2004 a Polish-Egyptian team claimed to have discovered a part of the library while excavating in the Bruchion region. 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