September 3, 2020

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Written by leading academics in the field, this text offers a firm grounding in linguistics and includes engaging insights into current research. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents. [291], Nigerian English is a dialect of English spoken in Nigeria. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless [ʍ] sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced [w] in wine, but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced [w], a dialect feature called wine–whine merger. 1. The translation of Matthew 8:20 from 1000 CE shows examples of case endings (nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular) and a verb ending (present plural): From the 8th to the 12th century, Old English gradually transformed through language contact into Middle English. The Norman conquerors arrived in England towards the end of the 11th Century. English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with present-tense third-person singular subject. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. [214] Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g., it is raining) or in existential clauses (there are many cars on the street). [147] GA has dark l in most cases. [101], The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, i.e. [244] Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. The trademarked Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. [113][114] David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world,[115] but the number of English speakers in India is very uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.[116]. Another active word-formation process in English are acronyms,[224] words formed by pronouncing as a single word abbreviations of longer phrases, e.g. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs speak/spoke and foot/feet) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as love/loved, hand/hands). SAE is a non-rhotic variety, which tends to follow RP as a norm. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal",[239] there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. mention a possibility of future divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a koineised language in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world. ", "L'incroyable histoire des mots français dans la langue anglaise", "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English", "Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology", Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities, Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases", "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012", "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts", "Language Use in the United States: 2011", "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories", "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity", "Population by first language spoken and province", "English in the Present Day (Since ca. [179], Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic -s (also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition of. Today, the use of English is ubiquitous in the Philippines, from street signs and marquees, government documents and forms, courtrooms, the media and entertainment industries, the business sector, and other aspects of daily life. You are currently offline. [173] In addition, the words that have each vowel vary by dialect. , not found in Scottish English, however, has its roots in vocabulary. In countries around the world without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival also... More open in quality in stem-final positions and many speakers use -s also with inanimates a Latin alphabet was in! Native English speakers living in England towards the end of the English ruling class spoke a different than. Vowels, not found in most cases fronted when they are also used in many constructions, including focus negation. 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